Virtual metal forming including the ductile damage occurrence - Actual state of the art and main perspectives

In this paper, a fully coupled anisotropic and anisothermal constitutive equations accounting for both combined isotropic and kinematic hardening as well as the ductile damage is implemented into the general purpose Finite Element code for metal forming simulation. Attention is paid to the strong coupling between the main thermo-mechanical fields as thermal effects, elasto-viscoplasticity, mixed hardening, ductile isotropic damage and contact with friction. The global resolution of the coupled equilibrium and thermal problems is made thanks to either the implicit static (IS) iterative Newton scheme or to the dynamic explicit (DE) scheme together with an adaptive time step control. The local integration of the constitutive equation is outlined thanks to a fully implicit and iterative Newton scheme applied to a reduced system of two equations. Various 2D and 3D examples are given in order to show the capability of the methodology to predict the damage initiation and growth during metal forming processes. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.