Stereotype threat:: An interaction between situation and identity.

This article proposes a critical review of the literature on stereotype threat. First, we present the pioneering studies of Steele and Aronson (1995). We discuss the originality of their approach and review the research that has established the generality of the stereotype threat phenomenon. Then, we examine the conditions necessary for this phenomenon, its scope, and the mediators thought to explain how stereotypes can undermine performance. We present the research that has focused on the means to reduce the detrimental effects of stereotype threat on performance. Finally, we discuss the relevance of this phenomenon for understanding the well-known academic underachievement of low status groups.