A Bouc-Wen type hysteretic model with nonlinear kinematic hardening

In this work, the Bouc-Wen hysteretic model is re-examined within the framework of incremental plasticity theory. A generic expression of the Bouc-Wen model is derived that accounts for an arbitrary hardening law, where the commonly implemented linear kinematic hardening consists a sub case. As an example, the Armstrong-Frederick nonlinear kinematic hardening model is embedded into the Bouc-Wen hysteretic model. Furthermore, it is shown that the expressions introduced suffice to deal with a generic problem of the original Bouc-Wen formulation, namely the inability of the Bouc -Wen model to simulate ratcheting under cyclic loading with non-zero mean stress. Hysteretic loops are produced that demonstrate the flexibility of the proposed formulation into capturing complex cyclic responses.