Integration and bioactivity of hydroxyapatite grown on carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide

We report on the growth of non-stoichiometric nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (nHAp) with a composition similar to natural bone by a wet-chemical in-situ precipitation route on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with different degrees of oxygen functionalities and on graphene oxide (GO). Both, functionalization degree and morphology of CNTs and GO appear as critical parameters controlling the shape and crystallinity of the self-assembled nHAp nanoparticles in the corresponding composite materials. Crystalline nHAp nanoparticles with rod-like morphology were achieved for moderately oxidized CNTs and for GO. On CNTs these grow along the CNT's axis while on GO they form a compact layer. In both cases enhanced nHAp integration onto the respective carbon support is obtained. In vitro bioactivity of the prepared composites exhibits a fast apatite biomineralization process, induced by the presence of nHAp. Depending on its crystalline size and dispersion degree remineralization of the apatite nanoparticles takes place through the inclusion of PO43- and CO32- by ion exchange. Importantly, during the stage of bioactivity the integration degree of nHAp nanoparticles on the carbon nanostructures alters with time, evidencing the potential of GO as valuable bioceramic support material. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.