Ways Forward in Public Scientific Controversies

Public scientific controversies are considered in a defined but fairly general form, essentially where there is uncertainty and divided scientific opinion. General considerations are exemplified in the case of electric and magnetic fields (EMF) from both power supply and mobile phones and other telecoms systems. Characteristics of scientific evaluation and dialogue are discussed. The concept of scientific plausibility is examined and a system of degrees of plausibility is suggested. The paper argues for using graded systems of evaluation in various respects where imposing an inappropriate dichotomy may otherwise make controversies worse. Recognising a plurality of scientifically valid evaluations is recommended and may help to foster public trust in science. Specific steps are suggested for scientists in EMF controversies.