Neuropsychological profiles in children and young adults with spina bifida

Purpose A total of 43 Italian children, aged between 6 and 16 years, diagnosed with spina bifida, myelomeningocele, and shunted hydrocephalus have been described clinically and completed a neuropsychological battery in order to evaluate their cognitive, personality, and behavior profile. Methods Enrolled children underwent cognitive assessment by means of the Weschler WISC-IV cognitive test and assessment of the attention sustained through the LEITER test. In addition, parents were asked, in order to obtain a personality and behavior profile of the children, to fill in a "CBCL 6-18 years" questionnaire and to fill in a Barthel Index questionnaire. Results Processing Speed Index of the WISC-IV QI scale was statistically significant (p = 0.027), with the highest value presented by autonomous patients (95.8 +/- 12.8) and the lowest by patients using a wheelchair (75.5 +/- 19). WISC-IV QI mean value is 98 (+/- 15.7) for lipoma patients and 78.7 (+/- 17.6) for LMMC and MMC patients (p = 0.001). In more detail, Perceptual Reasoning (p < 0.0005), Working Memory (p = 0.01), and Processing Speed Index (p = 0.001) highlighted a significant difference between the groups. The attention sustained subscale of the LEITER presented a mean of 6.9 (+/- 3.1) for lipoma patients and a men value of 4.6 (+/- 3.1) for LMMC and MMC patients (p = 0.024). Patients with hydrocephalus had statistically significant worse cognition and autonomy (Barthel Index) score (p < 0.001) compared with those without hydrocephalus, and normal scores regarding attention and depression scales. Conclusion These results can be useful in planning dedicated therapeutic protocols such as suitable rehabilitation treatments, speech therapy, psychomotor skills, and cognitive enhancement and to develop prevention protocols particularly tailored for children with hydrocephalus who appear to have the more deficient skills.