Reinjury After Moderate to Severe TBI: Rates and Risk Factors in the NIDILRR Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems

Objectives: To compare characteristics of those who do and do not sustain subsequent traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) following index TBI and to identify reinjury risk factors. Design: Secondary data analysis of an ongoing longitudinal cohort study. Setting: TBI Model Systems Centers. Participants: In total, 11 353 individuals aged 16+ years. Main Outcome Measures: Ohio State University TBI Identification Method. Results: In total, 7.9% of individuals reported sustaining a TBI post-index TBI. Twenty percent of reinjuries occurred within a year of the index TBI. Reinjury risk followed an approximate U-shaped distribution such that risk was higher in the first year, declined 2 to 10 years postinjury, and then increased after 10 years. A multivariable Weibull model identified predictors of reinjury: younger (<29 years) and middle-aged and older (50+ years) age at index TBI relative to middle age, pre-index TBI, pre-index alcohol and illicit drug use, incarceration history, and less severe index TBI. Conclusions: A subset of individuals who receive inpatient rehabilitation for TBI are at an increased risk for reinjury, and an injury-prone phenotype may be characterized by engagement in risk behaviors. Factors associated with reinjury risk may differ for younger versus middle-aged and older adults. Findings underscore the need for empirically informed risk stratification models to identify TBI survivors at risk for reinjury.