'Willpower' over the life span: decomposing self-regulation

被引:321
|
作者
Mischel, Walter [1 ]
Ayduk, Ozlem [2 ]
Berman, Marc G. [3 ]
Casey, B. J. [4 ]
Gotlib, Ian H. [5 ]
Jonides, John [3 ]
Kross, Ethan [3 ]
Teslovich, Theresa [4 ]
Wilson, Nicole L. [6 ]
Zayas, Vivian [7 ]
Shoda, Yuichi [6 ]
机构
[1] Columbia Univ, Dept Psychol, New York, NY 10027 USA
[2] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Psychol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
[3] Univ Michigan, Dept Psychol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
[4] Cornell Univ, Weill Cornell Med Coll, Sackler Inst Dev Psychobiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
[5] Stanford Univ, Dept Psychol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
[6] Univ Washington, Dept Psychol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
[7] Cornell Univ, Dept Psychol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
基金
美国国家科学基金会; 美国国家卫生研究院;
关键词
self-regulation; delay of gratification; VERBAL WORKING-MEMORY; INTERFERENCE-RESOLUTION; COGNITIVE CONTROL; PROACTIVE-INTERFERENCE; REJECTION SENSITIVITY; NEURAL MECHANISMS; PRESCHOOL DELAY; AGE-DIFFERENCES; GRATIFICATION; INHIBITION;
D O I
10.1093/scan/nsq081
中图分类号
Q189 [神经科学];
学科分类号
071006 ;
摘要
In the 1960s, Mischel and colleagues developed a simple 'marshmallow test' to measure preschoolers' ability to delay gratification. In numerous follow-up studies over 40 years, this 'test' proved to have surprisingly significant predictive validity for consequential social, cognitive and mental health outcomes over the life course. In this article, we review key findings from the longitudinal work and from earlier delay-of-gratification experiments examining the cognitive appraisal and attention control strategies that underlie this ability. Further, we outline a set of hypotheses that emerge from the intersection of these findings with research on 'cognitive control' mechanisms and their neural bases. We discuss implications of these hypotheses for decomposing the phenomena of 'willpower' and the lifelong individual differences in self-regulatory ability that were identified in the earlier research and that are currently being pursued.
引用
收藏
页码:252 / 256
页数:5
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