Identification of amyloid plaques in the brain using an x-ray photon-counting strip detector

Brain aggregates of beta amyloid (beta A) protein plaques have been widely recognized as associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, and their identification can assist in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. We investigate the feasibility of using a spectral x-ray coherent scatter system with a silicon strip photon-counting detector for identifying brain beta A protein plaques. This approach is based on differences in the structure of amyloid, white and grey matter in the brain. We simulated an energy- and angular-dispersive X-ray diffraction system with an x-ray pencil beam and Silicon strip sensor, energy-resolving detectors. The polychromatic beam is geometrically focused toward a region of interest in the brain. First, the open-source MC-GPU code for Monte Carlo transport was modified to accommodate the detector model. Second, brain phantoms with and without beta A were simulated to assess the method and determine the radiation dose required to obtain acceptable statistical power. For beta A targets of 3, 4 and 5 mm sizes in a 15-cm brain model, the required incident exposure was about 0.44 mR from a 60 kVp tungsten spectrum and 3.5 mm of added aluminum filtration. The results suggest that the proposed x-ray coherent scatter technique enables the use of high energy x-ray spectra and therefore has the potential to be used for accurate in vivo detection and quantification of beta A in the brain within acceptable radiation dose levels.