Sleep characteristics of US adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Rationale: Understanding how health has changed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic is critical to recovering from the pandemic. Objective: This study focused on how sleep characteristics in the United States may be different from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: To this end, the sleep characteristics of a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults collected before the COVID-19 outbreak (i.e., 2018 National Health Interview Survey, n = 19,433) were compared to the sleep characteristics of a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults recruited via Luc.id, an online survey sampling company, during the COVID-19 outbreak (i.e., 2020 Luc.id, n = 2059). Results: While average sleep duration did not change between 2018 and 2020, the prevalence of both shorter and longer than recommended sleep duration were greater in 2020. Moreover, the number of days with difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, and not feeling rested was greater in 2020 than 2018. Adults younger than 60 had larger differences than those 60 or older. Conclusions: Sleep health in U.S. adults was worse in 2020 than in 2018, particularly in adults younger than 60. Findings highlight sleep as target in future research and interventions seeking to understand and reduce the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.