Cold-seep carbonates of the Laptev Sea continental slope: Constraints from fluid sources and environment of formation

This study presents results of the petrographic, mineralogical, stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon, and trace element investigation of authigenic carbonates collected at newly discovered active cold seeps on the Laptev Sea continental slope at similar to 300 m water depth. These carbonates are mainly represented by Mg-calcite with MgCO3 content from 9.1 mol% to 14.0 mol%. The low delta C-13 values of carbonates ranging from -50.6 parts per thousand to -32.4 parts per thousand (V-PDB) indicate that they were formed from anaerobic oxidation of biogenic methane and minor participation of other carbon sources. The difference between measured (from 4.7 parts per thousand to 5.5 parts per thousand) and calculated (4.0 parts per thousand) delta O-18(carb) values might be inherited from fluids enriched in O-18 due to dissociation of gas hydrates, which could be the source of methane. The carbonates exhibit weak enrichment in Co, moderate and strong enrichments in As, Mo, and Sb, and strong enrichment in U. Interestingly, As, Sb, and Co correlate with the pyrite content. This indicates that authigenic iron sulfides promote the immobilization of these redox-sensitive elements in seep sediments. The (Mo/U)(EF) values and anomalies of concentration of Mo and U probably indicate variations in the redox conditions during carbonate formation due to episodically seepage activity changes. Ascending methane-bearing fluids were the main contributor to the enrichment of cold-seep carbonates in As, Mo, Sb, and U at the Laptev Sea continental slope. However additional input from the particulate shuttle process can not be ruled out.