Irregularity in breakfast consumption and daily meal timing patterns in association with body weight status and inflammation

Irregular breakfast consumption and food timing patterns in relation to weight status and inflammation were investigated in a cross-sectional manner among 644 participants in the Cancer Prevention Study-3 Diet Assessment Sub-study. Breakfast consumption, and the individual means and the intra-individual standard deviation (isd) of time at first intake of the day, duration of daily intake window and midpoint of daily intake window were collected via six 24-h recalls and examined in relation to BMI, waist circumference (WC) and inflammation (glycoprotein acetyl (GlycA)). Compared with consuming breakfast on all six recalls, linear regression models showed those who consumed breakfast on 4 or 5 of the days had a 1 center dot 29 (95 % CI 0 center dot 19, 2 center dot 38) and 1 center dot 64 (95 % CI 0 center dot 12, 3 center dot 16) kg/m(2) higher BMI; no association was found for consuming breakfast <= 3 d. At 1 h later, the average time of first intake was associated with a 0 center dot 44 (95 % CI 0 center dot 04, 0 center dot 84) kg/m(2) higher BMI. A 1-h increase in the isd of first intake was associated with a 1 center dot 12 (95 % CI 0 center dot 49, 1 center dot 75) kg/m(2) higher BMI; isd in duration and midpoint of intake window were significant prior to additional adjustment for isd in the first intake. One-hour increases in isd for the first intake time (beta: 0 center dot 15; 95 % CI 0 center dot 04, 0 center dot 26) and the midpoint of intake window (beta: 0 center dot 16; 95 % CI 0 center dot 02, 0 center dot 31) were associated with higher GlycA. No associations were observed for WC independent of BMI. The results provide evidence that irregularity in breakfast consumption and daily intake timing patterns, particularly early in the day, may be related to weight status and inflammation.