Social determinants of health affecting utilisation of routine maternity services in Nepal: a narrative review of the evidence

Nepal has one of the highest maternal and neonatal mortality rates among low- and middle-income countries. Nepal's health system focuses on life-saving interventions provided during the antenatal to postpartum period. However, the inequality in the uptake of maternity services is of major concern. This study aimed to synthesise evidence from the literature regarding the social determinants of health on the use of maternity services in Nepal. We conducted a structured narrative review of studies published from 1994 to 2016. We searched five databases: PubMed; CINAHL; EMBASE; ProQuest and Global Index Medicus using search terms covering four domains: access and use; equity determinants; routine maternity services and Nepal. The findings of the studies were summarised using the World Health Organization's Social Determinants of Health framework. A total of 59 studies were reviewed. A range of socio-structural and intermediary-level determinants was identified, either as facilitating factors, or as barriers, to the uptake of maternity services. These determinants were higher socioeconomic status; education; privileged ethnicities such as Brahmins/Chhetris, people following the Hindu religion; accessible geography; access to transportation; family support; women's autonomy and empowerment; and a birth preparedness plan. Findings indicate the need for health and non-health sector interventions, including education linked to job opportunities; mainstreaming of marginalised communities in economic activities and provision of skilled providers, equipment and medicines. Interventions to improve maternal health should be viewed using a broad 'social determinants of health' framework.