Emergence of cooperation supported by communication in a one-shot 2 x 2 game

This paper reports an intelligent agent equipped with 2-layer finite state machines (FSM) that can communicate by turning lighting on and off, leading to social cooperation that solves the dilemma situation, modeled by a one-shot 2 x 2 game. This communication between two gaming agents can be observed in Hero- and Leader-type dilemma games, where alternating reciprocity, repeating cooperation (C)-defeat (D) after D-C, is the equal Pareto Optimum instead of a sequence of mutual cooperation that is the equal Pareto Optimum for a Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) game. This implies that what initially brought about animal communications is not the dilemma situation emulated by PD, but a Hero or Leader type game.