Water driven processes and landforms evolution rates in mountain geomorphosites: examples from Swiss Alps

Geomorphic processes driven by water are particularly active in mountain environments, especially under the current climate conditions. Erosion and dissolution processes shape meaningful landforms, in different kinds of deposits and rocks, and in some cases they are classified as geomorphosites. Such landforms, especially earth pyramids and rock pillars, are usually characterized by a high scientific value (e.g., representativeness, ecologic support role) and by additional values (e.g., cultural and aesthetic value) contributing to the local geoheritage. Mountain geomorphosites are growing in importance within scientific community and their morphological evolution can affect the global value of the site itself (e.g., integrity). In this paper, after a first review on the terminology used for classifying landforms modelled by water runoff and on their meaning within the mountain environment, the results of a detailed research performed at two sample sites, included in the Swiss National Inventory of Geosites, are presented. The two study sites are representative respectively of: i) water runoff on glacial deposits shaping earth pyramids (Pyramides d'Euseigne); ii) water dissolution on gypsum rocks, modelling articulate karst landscapes (Pyramides de gypse du Col de la Croix). For each site, landforms evolution was investigated and denudation rates were estimated by means of different methods: iconographic material analysis, quantitative geomorphology and dendrogeomorphology on exposed roots. Despite the long-term, average rates obtained by means of roots exposure for both water runoff on glacial deposits (e.g., 5.8 mm/y) and dissolution on gypsum rocks (5.6 mm/y) are comparable. Moreover, a strict relation between the activity degree of processes, the integrity of the site and the assignment of geomorphosites to a specific category (i.e., active, passive or evolving passive) emerged from the results.