The effect of gender equality on the carbon intensity of well-being: panel data analysis for the MENA economies 1995-2018

Purpose This paper aims to explore the ecological efficiency through assessing the relation of the "carbon intensity of well-being" (CIWB) to gender equality, gross domestic product (GDP)/capita, the urban intensity of the population, the age structure of the population, foreign direct investment as a percentage of GDP and manufacturing as a percentage of GDP. Design/methodology/approach CIWB equation is estimated for a panel of 18 MENA economies and Turkey over the period 1995-2018 using the two-way fixed effects Prais-Winsten regression with panel-corrected standard errors. Findings The elasticity coefficients obtained from the estimated models indicated mixed effects on CIWB. While the increase of female educational attainment, accompanied with an increase in the female labor force participation rate, reduce CIWB, the younger female population and the younger population, in general, increase CIWB. Furthermore, while increasing FDI inflows reduces CIWB, increasing the manufacturing share of GDP increases CIWB. Originality/value The pursuit of Sustainable Development Goals worldwide has moved the relevant literature on climate change mitigation and adaptation measures to a new level, where using the CIWB method is increasingly used to reflect carbon dioxide emissions per capita unit of expected lifespan. The present paper's contribution to the literature is two-fold: one is computing and estimating the CIWB to examine ecological efficiency for the middle east and north africa (MENA) economies and Turkey over the period of study; and two is integrating and validating the beneficial impacts of integrating the gender equality dimension in the CIWB-climate change literature.