A mm-Sized Wireless Implantable Device for Electrical Stimulation of Peripheral Nerves

A wireless electrical stimulation implant for peripheral nerves, achieving > 10x improvement over state of the art in the depth/volume figure of merit, is presented. The fully integrated implant measures just 2 mm x 3 mm x 6.5 mm (39 mm(3), 78 mg), and operates at a large depth of 10.5 cm in a tissue phantom. The implant is powered using ultrasound and includes a miniaturized piezoelectric receiver (piezo), an IC designed in 180 nm HV BCD process, an off-chip energy storage capacitor, and platinum stimulation electrodes. The package also includes an optional blue light-emitting diode for potential applications in optogenetic stimulation in the future. A system-level design strategy for complete operation of the implant during the charging transient of the storage capacitor, as well as a unique downlink command/data transfer protocol, is presented. The implant enables externally programmable current-controlled stimulation of peripheral nerves, with a wide range of stimulation parameters, both for electrical (22 to 5000 mu A amplitude, similar to 14 to 470 mu s pulse-width, 0 to 60 Hz repetition rate) and optical (up to 23 mW/mm(2) optical intensity) stimulation. Additionally, the implant achieves 15 V compliance voltage for chronic applications. Full integration of the implant components, end-to-end in vitro system characterizations, and results for the electrical stimulation of a sciatic nerve, demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed stimulator for peripheral nerves.