Standardization of direct agglutination test using native antigens for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis endemic areas of Venezuela

Visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form of leishmaniasis, and it is deadly if left untreated. Margarita Island is the most active visceral leishmaniasis focus in Venezuela, where most of the affected population are children between 0 to 9 years old. Therefore, an early diagnosis is very important, unfortunately, this is difficult in endemic areas. Although, the gold standard method for visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis is parasite detection; the sample retrieval is very inconvenient for patients. Moreover, most techniques are time-consuming, expensive and difficult to carry out. Other indirect methods, such as ELISA (using crude or define Leishmania antigens), require specialised technicians and equipment, which is unsuitable in the field areas. Recently we validated the performance of a direct agglutination test for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Venezuela (KIT Biomedical Research). It showed elevated sensitivity and specificity. Nevertheless, this test includes Leishmania donovani as antigen, whereas visceral leishmaniasis in our country is caused by Leishmania infantum (= L. chagasi). Moreover, parasite antigenic variation as a result of vector-parasite and host-parasite interaction is an important factor to be considered; in addition to the costs. Therefore, we developed a direct agglutination test using L. infantum (syn. L. chagasi) isolated from a naturally infected dog of Margarita Island. This was compared to the available commercial kit, and testing confirmed visceral leishmaniasis patients and healthy controls. Using rK39 ELISA as gold standard, it was found 100% sensitivity for both tests, and 82.85 % specificity for the commercial test and 98.78% for the local one, which shows the relationship between dominant local antigens and antibody's specificity displayed by Venezuelan patients.