Association between alcohol consumption and hypertension in Chinese adults: Findings from the CHNS

Objectives: To obtain information about alcohol consumption (henceforth "drinking") among Chinese adults from 1991 to 2011, and to explore the association between drinking behavior and hypertension. Methods: According to the longitudinal data obtained in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991 2011), 50,013 records of 12,577 adults were selected by applying eligibility criteria. The chi-test was employed to explore the association between drinking and hypertension, by considering the frequency of drinking, daily alcohol intake, alcohol type, and the prevalence of hypertension. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to analyze the longitudinal association between drinking frequency and the prevalence of hypertension. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was higher in participants with a high drinking frequency than in those with a low drinking frequency among both males and females (p < 0.001). A step increase in daily alcohol intake was not associated with any obvious changes in the prevalence of hypertension in males, but the prevalence in each drinking group was higher than that in the nondrinking group, the prevalence of hypertension in females was lowest among those with a daily alcohol intake below 15 g. The types of alcohol consumed differed significantly between males and females (p < 0.001). Longitudinal analysis results showed that compared with the nondrinking group, drinking frequency <= 2 times/week was positively correlated with hypertension in both males (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.26-1.82, p < 0.001) and females (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.08-2.58, p < 0.05) after adjusting for covariates, meanwhile, the same positive correlation also occurred in males with drinking frequency >2 times/week (OR = 2.13, 95% Cl = 1.77-2.56, p < 0.05), the risk of hypertension increased with the increase in drinking frequency. Conclusions: Drinking can increase the prevalence of hypertension in Chinese males and females. From the analysis results of longitudinal data, drinking alcohol is still an important risk factor for hypertension among Chinese subjects, especially those who drink with high frequency. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.