The Psychosocial Burden on Liver Transplant Recipients during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: Due to the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, multiple measures have been implemented including social distancing and curfews. Both the disease and measures might cause stress, particularly in persons at risk, such as liver transplant (LT) recipients. Here, we evaluated the impact on psychosocial well-being of LT recipients. Methods: Seventy-nine LT recipients and 83 nontransplanted controls participated in this study. Questionnaires comprising the WHO-five well-being index (WHO-5), the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale, and the preliminary COVID-19 Pandemic Mental Health Questionnaire (CoPaQ) were distributed among them. For the WHO-5 and UCLA Loneliness Scale, means of sum scores were compared between both groups, while a comparison on item level was conducted for the CoPaQ. Results: The general well-being was similar in LT recipients and controls (WHO-5: 64.0 +/- 20.5% vs. 66.4 +/- 17.3%), while the UCLA Loneliness Scale indicated a higher level of perceived social isolation (1.90 +/- 0.51 vs. 1.65 +/- 0.53, p = 0.001). The CoPaQ indicated higher risk perception regarding health issues, in particular concerning the fear of having severe consequences in case of a COVID-19 infection (3.1 +/- 1.1 vs. 2.2 +/- 1.3, p < 0.001), higher risk-avoiding behavior and stronger adherence to pandemic measures in LT recipients. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, LT recipients displayed a higher risk perception, a more pronounced risk-avoiding behavior and a higher perception of loneliness, while the overall well-being was comparable to nontransplanted controls.