Geodetically constrained models of viscoelastic stress transfer and earthquake triggering along the North Anatolian fault

Over the past 80 years, 8 M-W>6.7 strike-slip earthquakes west of 40 degrees longitude have ruptured the North Anatolian fault (NAF) from east to west. The series began with the 1939 Erzincan earthquake in eastern Turkey, and the most recent 1999 M-W=7.4 Izmit earthquake extended the pattern of ruptures into the Sea of Marmara in western Turkey. The mean time between seismic events in this westward progression is 8.511 years (67% confidence interval), much greater than the timescale of seismic wave propagation (seconds to minutes). The delayed triggering of these earthquakes may be explained by the propagation of earthquake-generated diffusive viscoelastic fronts within the upper mantle that slowly increase the Coulomb failure stress change (CFS) at adjacent hypocenters. Here we develop three-dimensional stress transfer models with an elastic upper crust coupled to a viscoelastic Burgers rheology mantle. Both the Maxwell ((M)=4 x 10(18)-1 x 10(19) Pa s) and Kelvin ((K)=1 x 10(18)-1 x 10(19) Pa s) viscosities are constrained by studies of geodetic observations before and after the 1999 Izmit earthquake. We combine this geodetically constrained rheological model with the observed sequence of large earthquakes since 1939 to calculate the time evolution of CFS changes along the North Anatolian fault due to viscoelastic stress transfer. Apparent threshold values of mean CFS at which the earthquakes in the eight decade sequence occur are between approximate to 0.02 to approximate to 3.15 MPa and may exceed the magnitude of static CFS values by as much as 177%. By 2023, we infer that the mean time-dependent stress change along the northern NAF strand in the Marmara Sea near Istanbul, which may have previously ruptured in 1766, may reach the mean apparent time-dependent stress thresholds of the previous NAF earthquakes.