The additive effect of zwitterion and nano-particles on ion dissociation in polyelectrolytes

To realise the battery potential of gel polyelectrolytes greater ion dissociation, ultimately leading to higher conductivities, must be achieved. Higher conductivities will result through increasing the ion-dissociating properties of the gel polyelectrolyte. The poor degree of ion dissociation arises as the active ion tends to remain in close proximity to the backbone charge. Nano-particle inorganic oxides, and zwitterionic compounds have been shown to act as dissociation enhancers in certain polyelectrolyte systems. In an attempt to further increase ion dissociation the addition of both TiO2, nano-particles and a zwitterionic compound based on 1-butylimidazolium-3-N-(butanesulphonate) were added to the gel polyelectrolyte system poly (Li-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulphonate-co-N,N'-dimethylacrylamide), poly(Li-AMPS-co-DMAA) to determine if a synergistic effect occurs. Two different solvents were used to determine the breadth of applicability of the additive effect. The use of both dissociators resulted in the maximum ionic conductivity being achieved at lower nano-particle concentrations when compared to an identical system without zwitterion. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.