Nonperturbative theory of charge-dependent heavy-ion stopping

Stopping forces on swift heavy ions have been evaluated theoretically, with an emphasis on the velocity regime where screening due to electrons bound to the projectile cannot be neglected. Bohr's classical theory is an appropriate starting point, but major complications arise from higher-order Z (1) effects, shell correction and projectile excitation/ionization. These effects have now beeen accounted for, and good agreement is being achieved with experimental results over a wide velocity range without introduction of adjustable parameters.