Importance and vulnerability of the world's water towers

被引：1058

作者：

Immerzeel, W. W. ^{[1
,2
]}

Lutz, A. F. ^{[1
,2
]}

Andrade, M. ^{[3
,4
]}

Bahl, A. ^{[5
]}

Biemans, H. ^{[6
]}

Bolch, T. ^{[7
]}

Hyde, S. ^{[5
]}

Brumby, S. ^{[5
]}

Davies, B. J. ^{[8
]}

Elmore, A. C. ^{[5
]}

Emmer, A. ^{[9
]}

Feng, M. ^{[10
]}

Fernandez, A. ^{[11
]}

Haritashya, U. ^{[12
]}

Kargel, J. S. ^{[13
]}

Koppes, M. ^{[14
]}

Kraaijenbrink, P. D. A. ^{[1
]}

Kulkarni, A. V. ^{[15
]}

Mayewski, P. A. ^{[16
]}

Nepal, S. ^{[17
]}

Pacheco, P. ^{[18
]}

Painter, T. H. ^{[19
]}

Pellicciotti, F. ^{[20
]}

Rajaram, H. ^{[21
]}

Rupper, S. ^{[22
]}

Sinisalo, A. ^{[17
]}

Shrestha, A. B. ^{[17
]}

Viviroli, D. ^{[23
]}

Wada, Y. ^{[24
]}

Xiao, C. ^{[25
]}

Yao, T. ^{[10
]}

Baillie, J. E. M. ^{[5
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Utrecht, Fac Geosci, Dept Phys Geog, Utrecht, Netherlands

[2] FutureWater, Wageningen, Netherlands

[3] Univ Mayor San Andres, Inst Phys Res, La Paz, Bolivia

[4] Univ Maryland, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA

[5] Natl Geog Soc, Washington, DC USA

[6] Wageningen Univ & Res, Water & Food Grp, Wageningen, Netherlands

[7] Univ St Andrews, Sch Geog & Sustainable Dev, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland

[8] Royal Holloway Univ London, Dept Geog, Ctr Quaternary Res, Egham, Surrey, England

[9] Czech Acad Sci, Global Change Res Inst, Brno, Czech Republic

[10] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Tibetan Plateau Res, Beijing, Peoples R China

[11] Univ Concepcion, Dept Geog, Concepcion, Chile

[12] Univ Dayton, Dept Geol, Dayton, OH 45469 USA

[13] Planetary Sci Inst, Tucson, AZ USA

[14] Univ British Columbia, Dept Geog, Vancouver, BC, Canada

[15] Indian Inst Sci, Divecha Ctr Climate Change, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

[16] Univ Maine, Climate Change Inst, Orono, ME USA

[17] Int Ctr Integrated Mt Dev, Kathmandu, Nepal

[18] Agua Sustentable, La Paz, Bolivia

[19] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Joint Inst Reg Earth Syst Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA

[20] Swiss Fed Res Inst WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

[21] Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Environm Hlth & Engn, Baltimore, MD USA

[22] Univ Utah, Dept Geog, Salt Lake City, UT USA

[23] Univ Zurich, Dept Geog, Zurich, Switzerland

[24] Int Inst Appl Syst Anal, Laxenburg, Austria

[25] Beijing Normal Univ, State Key Lab Earth Surface Proc & Resource Ecol, Beijing, Peoples R China

来源：

NATURE | 2020年 / 577卷 / 7790期

关键词：

CLIMATE-CHANGE; SNOW; MOUNTAINS; ADAPTATION; CRYOSPHERE; INVENTORY; RISKS;

D O I：

10.1038/s41586-019-1822-y

中图分类号：

O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];

学科分类号：

07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;

摘要：

Mountains are the water towers of the world, supplying a substantial part of both natural and anthropogenic water demands(1,2). They are highly sensitive and prone to climate change(3,4), yet their importance and vulnerability have not been quantified at the global scale. Here we present a global water tower index (WTI), which ranks all water towers in terms of their water-supplying role and the downstream dependence of ecosystems and society. For each water tower, we assess its vulnerability related to water stress, governance, hydropolitical tension and future climatic and socioeconomic changes. We conclude that the most important (highest WTI) water towers are also among the most vulnerable, and that climatic and socio-economic changes will affect them profoundly. This could negatively impact 1.9 billion people living in (0.3 billion) or directly downstream of (1.6 billion) mountainous areas. Immediate action is required to safeguard the future of the world's most important and vulnerable water towers.

引用

页码：364 / +

页数：21

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