Characteristic strength of soils underlying foundations considering effect of spatial variability

In Eurocode EC7, a "characteristic" strength is used as a cautious estimate of the local average strength that governs the bearing capacity of the foundation. The objective of this paper is to examine the correlation between the local average strength and the bearing capacity of a stiff caisson foundation resting on spatially variable ground using random finite element analyses. The results show that using the local average strength over some assumed or postulated failure zones tends to overestimate the mean bearing capacity of the ground. This can be attributed to two possible reasons. Firstly, the postulated failure zone is unlikely to be fully reflective of the real failure zone in spatially variable ground. Secondly, the bearing capacity is more affected by the strength of the weak zones than that of the strong zones. Both of these factors lead to a lowering of the bearing capacity. A more indicative way of determining a characteristic strength that will give a better indication of the bearing capacity is also recommended, together with a strength reduction factor that accounts for the effect of spatial variability.