T2 mapping of the heart with a double-inversion radial fast spin-echo method with indirect echo compensation

Background: The abnormal signal intensity in cardiac T-2-weighted images is associated with various pathologies including myocardial edema. However, the assessment of pathologies based on signal intensity is affected by the acquisition parameters and the sensitivities of the receiver coils. T-2 mapping has been proposed to overcome limitations of T-2-weighted imaging, but most methods are limited in spatial and/or temporal resolution. Here we present and evaluate a double inversion recovery radial fast spin-echo (DIR-RADFSE) technique that yields data with high spatiotemporal resolution for cardiac T-2 mapping. Methods: DIR-RADFSE data were collected at 1.5 T on phantoms and subjects with echo train length (ETL) = 16, receiver bandwidth (BW) = +/- 32 kHz, TR = 1RR, matrix size = 256 x 256. Since only 16 views per echo time (TE) are collected, two algorithms designed to reconstruct highly undersampled radial data were used to generate images for 16 time points: the Echo-Sharing (ES) and the CUrve Reconstruction via pca-based Linearization with Indirect Echo compensation (CURLIE) algorithm. T-2 maps were generated via least-squares fitting or the Slice-resolved Extended Phase Graph (SEPG) model fitting. The CURLIE-SEPG algorithm accounts for the effect of indirect echoes. The algorithms were compared based on reproducibility, using Bland-Altman analysis on data from 7 healthy volunteers, and T-2 accuracy (against a single-echo spin-echo technique) using phantoms. Results: Both reconstruction algorithms generated in vivo images with high spatiotemporal resolution and showed good reproducibility. Mean T-2 difference between repeated measures and the coefficient of repeatability were 0.58 ms and 2.97 for ES and 0.09 ms and 4.85 for CURLIE-SEPG. In vivo T-2 estimates from ES were higher than those from CURLIE-SEPG. In phantoms, CURLIE-SEPG yielded more accurate T(2)s compared to reference values (error was 7.5-13.9% for ES and 0.6-2.1% for CURLIE-SEPG), consistent with the fact that CURLIE-SEPG compensates for the effects of indirect echoes. The potential of T-2 mapping with CURLIE-SEPG is demonstrated in two subjects with known heart disease. Elevated T-2 values were observed in areas of suspected pathology. Conclusions: DIR-RADFSE yielded TE images with high spatiotemporal resolution. Two algorithms for generating T-2 maps from highly undersampled data were evaluated in terms of accuracy and reproducibility. Results showed that CURLIE-SEPG yields T-2 estimates that are reproducible and more accurate than ES.