Methamphetamine detection using nanoparticle-based biosensors: A comprehensive review

Drug abuse is a global issue, requiring diverse techniques for recognition of drug of interest. One such illicit drug that is abused worldwide is Methamphetamine (METH). It is an addictive and illicit substance that severely affects the central nervous system. Similar to many other illicit substances, recognition of METH in biological fluids and in more diverse matrices such as wastewater, is a topic of great interest to the government and law enforcement agencies. With the rise of nanotechnology that relies on exploiting the properties of certain ma-terials at a scale down to their nanometer range in conjunction with aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers as well as antibodies have gained much attention over the last decade. The scope and appositeness of nano -materials have significant characteristics that are highly suitable for recognition of illicit chemical compounds such as METH. This comprehensive review focuses on the detection of METH using nanoparticles in real world samples such as biological fluids and wastewater, while discussing varieties of materials used as nanoparticles and that aid in its recognition. It also offers insights into future opportunities and challenges that come with the use of nanotechnology in sensing applications.