Uncertainties in Forest Canopy Height Estimation From Polarimetric Interferometric SAR Data

The random volume over ground (RVoG) model has been widely applied to estimate forest tree height from polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry (PolInSAR) data for the past two decades. Successful application of the RVoG model requires certain assumptions to be valid for the imaged forest and the acquisition scenarios in order to avoid large errors in height estimates. Quantification of errors and uncertainties of RVoG-estimated heights have typically been limited to comparison against external validation data, such as lidar or field measurements. In this paper, we present a straightforward approach to simultaneously estimate height and height uncertainty from PolInSAR data using a Bayesian framework that accounts for errors in the data, as well as errors due to incorrect RVoG modeling assumptions, such as those caused by temporal decorrelation effects and errors in ground phase estimation. We apply our method to synthetic data to study how forest height uncertainty depends on modeling assumptions and PolInSAR acquisition parameters. We also compare our estimated Bayesian uncertainties to PolInSAR-derived and lidar-derived height RMS deviations observed over Gabonese tropical forests during the joint NASA-ESA 2016 AfriSAR campaign. Our results show good correspondence between uncertainties and deviations, as well as a strong correlation between uncertainty and estimated tree height. Furthermore, we demonstrate that we can associate specific areas of high uncertainty to confounding effects, such as temporal decorrelation and noncanopy related scattering.