Stratified atmospheric boundary layers and breakdown of models

The goal of this study is to assess complications in atmospheric stable boundary layers which are not included in numerical models of the stably stratified boundary layer and to provide a formulation of surface fluxes for use in numerical models. Based on an extensive interpretive literature survey and new eddy correlation data for the stable boundary layer, this study defines two prototype stable boundary layers: the weakly stable case and the very stable case. The weakly stable boundary layer is amenable to existing models. The very stable boundary layer eludes modeling attempts due to breakdown of existing formulations of turbulence and due to features found in the atmosphere which are not normally included in models. The latter includes clear-air radiative cooling, low-level jets, surface heterogeneity, gravity waves, meandering motions, and other mesoscale motions which propagate from outside the local domain. While these mechanisms are not essential to understanding idealized or laboratory versions of the stable boundary layer, they complicate comparisons of numerical models and theories with actual atmospheric boundary layers. Statistics which describe various features of the stable boundary layer are offered for future comparison with modeling results.