Strategies for knowledge creation in firms

We extend the knowledge-based view by providing an explanation of how firms develop the capability to create knowledge. We take the view that firms are distributed knowledge systems composed of individuals who embody knowledge, and theoretically identify and empirically test the existence and effectiveness of two strategies organization and project team - that promote their interactions to develop this capability. On the one hand, building on what we call the organization-level innovation literature, we identify the organization strategy, which suggests investment in organization-level integrative management practices to facilitate interactions to create knowledge among individuals situated in different parts of the system, independently of when a knowledge-creation task is established and individuals are organized to create knowledge. On the other hand, building on what we call the team-level innovation literature, we identify the project team strategy, which suggests investment in project team-level integrative management practices to facilitate interactions to create knowledge among individuals once a knowledge-creation task is defined and individuals are placed into teams to create knowledge. The two strategies are substitute approaches for the development of the capability, although the organization strategy appears to better predict outcomes of the capability. However, this approach might be more costly, so not all managers will choose to follow it.