Subcritical Ethanol-Water and ionic liquid extraction systems coupled with multi-frequency ultrasound in the extraction and purification of polysaccharides

This study obtained crude sorghum leaf sheath polysaccharide (39.99% wet matter (wm)) by subcritical ethanol-water (40% v/v) extraction (180 degrees C, 40 min). The subcritical extraction solution was transformed into an ionic liquid aqueous two-phase extraction system and subsequently coupled with ultrasound extraction to obtain partially purified polysaccharides (PPP). PPP yields of 20.89%, 27.38%, and 36.49% (wm) were obtained using 60 kHz, 20/60 kHz, and 20/40/60 kHz ultrasound frequencies, respectively. Polysaccharide functional groups such as hydroxyl, aldehyde, and amide were detected using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Amylose contents of 15%, 18%, and 25% were obtained for PPP under single, dual, and tri-frequencies, respectively. Amylose contents were associated with aggregation of PPP particles sizes after heat exposure (70 degrees C for 1 h 50 min). Triple-frequency extracted polysaccharides with the highest uronic acid (1.51%) and polyphenolic (27.79%) contents had an IC50 of 1.37 mg/mL in an in-vitro hydroxyl scavenging activity assay. Three interesting co-extracted bioactive phytochemicals; 2-amino-5[(2-carboxy)vinyl]-Imidazole, N-[4-bromo-n butyl]-2-Piperidinone, and 3-Trifluoroacetyl Pentadecane were detected. The PPP extract showed antioxidant activity and contained phytochemicals with potential antimicrobial and antiviral activities, and thus may be useful in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications.