Introduction: Tularaemia is an important zoonotic disease that leads to outbreaks. This study aimed to compare the epidemiological characteristics of two tularaemia outbreaks that occurred in the Sakarya region of Turkey, analyse the risk factors for the development of outbreaks and identify Francisella (F.) tularensis in the water samples. Methods: Two tularaemia outbreaks occurred in the Kocadongel village in 2005 and 2006. A field investigation and a case-control study with 47 cases and 47 healthy households were performed during the second outbreak. Clinical samples from the patients and filtrated water samples were analysed for F. tularensis via real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: From the two outbreaks, a total of 58 patients were diagnosed with oropharyngeal tularaemia based on their clinical and serological results. Both outbreaks occurred between the months of January and April, and the number of patients peaked in February. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the consumption of natural spring water was the only significant risk factor for tularaemia infection (odds ratio 3.5, confidence interval 1.23-10.07). F. tularensis was detected in eight clinical samples and in the filtrated natural spring water. Conclusion: This study is the first report of tularaemia from this region. The results show that both tularaemia outbreaks were related to the consumption of untreated natural spring water. To prevent waterborne tularaemia, community water supplies should be treated and checked periodically.
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Univ British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Townsend Family Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaUniv British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Townsend Family Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Wang, Zhe
Sadovnick, A. Dessa
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Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Univ British Columbia, Fac Med, Div Neurol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaUniv British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Townsend Family Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Sadovnick, A. Dessa
Traboulsee, Anthony L.
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Univ British Columbia, Fac Med, Div Neurol, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaUniv British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Townsend Family Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Traboulsee, Anthony L.
Ross, Jay P.
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Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaUniv British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Townsend Family Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Ross, Jay P.
Bernales, Cecily Q.
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Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaUniv British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Townsend Family Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Bernales, Cecily Q.
Encarnacion, Mary
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Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaUniv British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Townsend Family Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Encarnacion, Mary
Yee, Irene M.
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Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaUniv British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Townsend Family Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Yee, Irene M.
de Lemos, Madonna
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Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaUniv British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Townsend Family Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
de Lemos, Madonna
Greenwood, Talitha
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Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaUniv British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Townsend Family Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Greenwood, Talitha
Lee, Joshua D.
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Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaUniv British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Townsend Family Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Lee, Joshua D.
Wright, Galen
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Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaUniv British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Townsend Family Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Wright, Galen
Ross, Colin J.
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Univ British Columbia, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaUniv British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Townsend Family Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Ross, Colin J.
Zhang, Si
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Univ British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Townsend Family Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaUniv British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Townsend Family Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Zhang, Si
Song, Weihong
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Univ British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Townsend Family Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaUniv British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Townsend Family Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Song, Weihong
Vilarino-Guell, Carles
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Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaUniv British Columbia, Dept Psychiat, Townsend Family Labs, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada