Associations of a Panel of Adipokines with Fat Deposits and Metabolic Phenotypes in a General Population

Objective: This study provides a comprehensive overview of the associations of five adipokines (adiponectin, chemerin, galectin-3, leptin, and resistin) with fat deposits, behavioral risk factors, and metabolic phenotypes. Methods: Using multivariable linear and logistic regression models, cross-sectional data from 4,116 participants of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania were analyzed. Results: Participants with obesity showed higher chemerin, galectin-3, and leptin but showed lower adiponectin concentrations. Independently of other fat compounds, liver fat content, visceral adipose tissue, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were inversely associated with adiponectin. Independent positive associations of liver fat content and SAT with chemerin as well as of SAT with galectin-3 and leptin were observed. Physically inactive participants had higher chemerin and leptin concentrations. Smokers had higher chemerin and galectin-3 as well as lower leptin. Alcohol consumption was associated with adiponectin (positive) and resistin (inverse). All adipokines were associated with at least one lipid marker. Associations with glucose metabolism were seen for adiponectin, chemerin, galectin-3, and leptin. Conclusions: High adiponectin concentrations were related to favorable metabolic conditions, whereas high chemerin, galectin-3, and leptin were associated with an unfavorable metabolic profile. High leptin seems to be primarily indicative of obesity, whereas high adiponectin and chemerin are associated with a broader range of metabolic phenotypes.