Incorporating operational uncertainty in early warning system design optimization for water distribution system security

Incorporating a system of monitoring stations to insure high quality water is being delivered to consumers has been acknowledged a crucial component required by any public water distribution system (WDS). Extensive studies have acknowledged the risk posed to large populations by an accidental or intentional contamination intrusion within a WDS; failure of an early warning system (EWS) to report a contamination event carries profound economic and public health consequences. Dynamic, stochastic conditions exist in municipal WDSs and a monitoring system needs to be designed according to a robust protocol that incorporates the inherent uncertainty in WDS operation, including: demand variability, and contamination event characteristic variability. This work composes the problem of locating the best junctions within a WDS to place fixed monitoring stations, and the best junctions to input innovative inline mobile sensors, in a multi-objective framework that incorporates uncertainty in the network's demands and EWS operation. Mobile sensors are carried by flow within pipes sampling and monitoring water quality in real time, and wirelessly uploading data to fixed transceiver beacons, providing an implicit preference towards demand dense regions. A multi-objective noisy messy genetic algorithm is structured to the problem at hand and employed on a small, medium, and large-scale model WDS to calculate near-optimal solutions from the large solutions space. This multi-objective framework provides high performing trade off (Pareto) sets comparing an EWS's system cost to numerous performance objectives incorporating non-deterministic objective functions to provide a high performing and resilient EWS. Results show a large trade off surface between the cost and the respective system's performance, with large diminishing returns. Although implementing a more expensive solution may provide little to no benefit from a traditional performance standpoint, implementing a system of higher cost can increase the systems resiliency, highlighting the importance of incorporating proper objective measures in optimization procedure. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.