Creation of finely focused particle beams from single-component plasmas

In a recent communication [Danielson , Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 081503 (2007)], a nondestructive technique was described to create finely focused beams of electron-mass, charged particles (i.e., electrons or positrons) from single-component plasmas confined in a Penning-Malmberg trap. This paper amplifies and expands upon those results, providing a more complete study of this method of beam formation. A simple model for beam extraction is presented, and an expression for a Gaussian beam profile is derived when the number of extracted beam particles is small. This expression gives a minimum beam diameter of four Debye lengths (full width to 1/e) and is verified using electron plasmas over a broad range of plasma temperatures and densities. Numerical procedures are outlined to predict the profiles of beams with large numbers of extracted particles. Measured profiles of large beams are found in fair agreement with these predictions. The extraction of over 50% of a trapped plasma into a train of nearly identical beams is demonstrated. Applications and extensions of this technique to create state-of-the-art positron beams are discussed. (c) 2008 American Institute of Physics.