Characterization of highland soils along two transects in the Ibitipoca State Park, Minas Gerais State

Little is known about the soil diversity of Brazilian highland regions, despite their recent upgrading in view of the ecotouristic potential of some areas. Chemical, mineralogical and micromorphological attributes of ten soil profiles along two transects in the quartzitic domains of the Ibitipoca State Park, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, were studied in relation to their pedogenesis. At local level, soil formation is more closely associated with litho-structural elements (lithology, faults and fractures), than with topographical variations. The soils are Al-saturated (> 60% at the surface), negatively charged, and markedly dystrophic. The existing CEC is almost entirely attributable to the organic matter contribution, in view of the very low clay fraction activity. Results revealed the marked presence of low crystallinity Fe-forms, commonly found in high altitude vegetation, where organic matter accumulation inhibits Fe and Al oxide crystallization. All soils are kaolinitic, even the ferrocarbic Spodosol, and some contain 2:1 clays such as illite and hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite, indicating their resistance to weathering under the present pedoenvironmental conditions. Micromorphological analyses of the Spodosol presented typical features of a podzolization process: predominant quartz grain interbedded between polymorphic organic matter aggregates at the surface, single grain structure and presence of "ortstein" in the spodic horizon (Bs), formed by organic-mineral and mineral materials, monomorphic and fractured, with co-precipitated amorphous Al, Si and Fe. The micropedological features of the spodic Bs are similar to those of the placic" horizon, with two depositional ferruginous covers; one reddish-brown (ferridrite and hematite) and the other yellowish (goethite). The intergranular plasma of the spodic horizon comprises two different plasmic zones: one of kaolinitic composition with a higher aluminium content, and a ferruginous one, richer in silica, suggesting an amorphous silica participation in the Fe-cemented ortstein (or placic) horizon of the Spodosol.