System for time- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy based on an amplified femtosecond titanium:sapphire laser system

A system for time- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy based on an amplified femtosecond titanium:sapphire laser system is described. Using this type of system, angle-resolved photoemission is extended to include the possibility of following the time development of excited electrons at and near a solid surface. Time resolution is accomplished by using pump-and-probe technique and the photoemitted electrons are energy analyzed in a time-of-fight detector. In order to perform photoemission, the near-infrared light from the titanium:sapphire laser is frequency up-converted to the vacuum ultraviolet range. This is accomplished by using the high peak power pulses from the laser system to produce short-wavelength radiation by means of harmonic generation. The system described uses cascaded frequency doubling and tripling, reaching a photon energy close to 10 eV. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.