A model of distributed knowledge and action in complex systems

This paper presents a model of distributed knowledge and action in complex systems, and discusses the implications of the model for decision support. The model represents three essential components of complex systems knowledge: (1) causal relationships that form the complex system, (2) operating procedure directives and goals that constrain the system operators' actions, and (3) system state trajectories over time. System knowledge is formalized in a computer model that predicts and explains human interventions. The model extends previous conceptual studies, and serves as a framework for a more general model that is potentially applicable to other complex task environments. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.