On the cause of variability of the cosmic ray spectrum in the knee region

Cosmic ray (CR) energy spectra for H, He, Si, and Fe nuclei with energy-to-charge number ratios a"degrees/Z in the range from 10 to 5 x 10(7) GeV are studied using observational data obtained at different times in different energy ranges: AMS-02, CREAM, Tibet AS gamma, Tibet (hybrid), GRAPES-3, KASCADE, and KASCADE-Grande. Comparison of the H and He CR fluxes according to the KASCADE and KASCADE-Grande data (for different models of deconvolving CR spectra) with the Tibet AS gamma and Tibet (hybrid) data obtained at another time in the range of a"degrees/Z similar to 3 x 10(6) GeV demonstrates space weather-caused variability of the CR flux. This feature of CR energy spectra in the Tibet AS gamma data is most clearly observed in the spectra of heavier nuclei (Si and Fe) according to the KASCADE-Grande and GRAPES-3 data. The variability in the energy spectra of all CRs in the vicinity of the "knee" is shown in the data of Yakutsk EAS, CASA-BLANCA, and Tibet-III experiments. The variability of the CR flux on a time scale on the order of several years exists only if the source corresponding to the peak in the energy spectrum is situated at a distance of no more than 1 pc from the Sun. Rapid surfatron acceleration of CRs may result from colliding interstellar clouds nearest to the Sun (LIC and G). This acceleration mechanism allows one to explain the variability of the CR spectrum in the range 10(3) GeV < a"degrees/Z < 10(8) GeV. Conditions for the trapping of strongly relativistic Fe nuclei by an electromagnetic wave, the dynamics of the components of the particle velocity and momentum, and the dependence of the particle acceleration rate on the initial parameters of the problem are analyzed using numerical calculations. The structure of the phase plane of the accelerated Fe nuclei is examined. Optimal conditions for the implementation of ultrarelativistic surfatron acceleration of Fe nuclei by an electromagnetic wave are formulated.