Conversion of transgranular to intergranular fracture in NiCr steels

The paper is focused on quantification of causes and characteristics that govern the intergranular fracture initiation and propagation of this fracture micromechanism in competition with cleavage one. A NiCr steel of commercial quality and the same steel with an increased content of impurity elements, Sn and Sb, have been used for this investigation. Step cooling annealing was applied in order to induce intergranular embrittlement and brittle fracture initiation in both steels. Standard bend and the pre-cracked Charpy type specimen geometries were both tested in three-point bending to determine the fracture toughness characteristics. Charpy V notch specimens tested statically in three-point bending supported by FEM calculation have been used for local fracture stress and other local parameters determination. Relation of cleavage fracture stress and critical stress for intergranular failure has been followed showing capability of this parameter for quantification of the transgranular/intergranular fracture conversion. In order to characterise the quantitative roughness differences in fracture surfaces fractal analysis was applied. A boundary level of fractal dimension has been determined to be 1.12 for the investigated steel; the fracture surface roughness with a higher value reflects high level of intergranular embrittlement and thus fracture toughness degradation. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.