Environmental and technical assessment to support sustainable strategies for limestone calcined clay cement production in Brazil

This study analyzed the mechanical and environmental performance of an alternative low-carbon cement (Limestone Calcined Clay Cement, LC3) made from different Brazilian natural and waste clay-based materials. Data from an extensive laboratory program to characterize the alternative materials have been utilized. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) based on a cradle-to-gate approach was also performed. The results give decision-makers and the cement industry a better understanding of environmental impact at regional, national, and local levels. Moreover, this study opens a new perspective on the natural and waste clay-based materials to further the production of eco-efficient cements in Brazil and other countries.