Characteristics of headaches in Japanese elementary and junior high school students: A school-based questionnaire survey

Purpose: Few studies have investigated pediatric headaches in Japan. Thus, we examined the lifetime prevalence and characteristics of headaches among elementary and junior high school students in Japan. Methods: In this school-based study, children aged 6-15 years completed a questionnaire based on the diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders-3 beta to assess headache characteristics and related disability. Results: Of the 3285 respondents, 1623 (49.4%) experienced headaches. Migraine and tension-type headaches (TTH) were reported by 3.5% and 5.4% of elementary school students, respectively, and by 5.0% and 11.2% of junior high school students. Primary headaches increased with age. Compared with TTH sufferers, the dominant triggers in migraine sufferers were hunger (odds ratio = 4.7), sunny weather (3.3), and katakori (neck and shoulder pain) (2.5). Compared with TTH, migraine caused higher headache-related frustration (P = 0.010) as well as difficulty concentrating (P = 0.017). Migraine-related disability was greater among junior high school students (feeling fed up or irritated, P = 0.028; difficulty concentrating, P = 0.016). TTH-related disability was also greater among junior high school students (feeling fed up or irritated, P = 0.035). Approximately half of the students who complained of headache-related disability were not receiving medical treatment. Conclusion: This is the first detailed study of headaches in Japanese children to include elementary school students. Nearly 50% of the school children reported headaches and the disruption of daily activities caused by migraine was higher among junior high students than elementary school students. (C) 2017 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.