Cell-Based and Scaffold-Based Therapies for Joint Preservation in Early-Stage Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head A Review of Basic Research

Numerous basic-science and translational studies of cell-based and scaffold-based therapies are currently being performed. The advantages and limitations of cell-based therapy for osteonecrosis of the femoral head, including bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and MSC-derived exosomes, are being examined preclinically. A range of ceramic-based, polymer-based, hydrogel-based, and composite scaffolds have been used for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in order to physically or functionally support bone repair and remodeling. Modulation of the pro-inflammatory response at an appropriate time point has enhanced bone formation in experimental models. The therapeutic potential of these strategies in translational models of osteonecrosis of the femoral head has not been fully clarified.