Perovskite phase formation and ferroelectric properties of the lead nickel niobate-lead zinc niobate-lead zirconate titanate ternary system

The ternary system of lead nickel niobate Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O-3 (PNN), lead zinc niobate Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O-3 (PZN), and lead zirconate titanate Pb(Zr1/2Ti1/2)O-3 (PZT) was investigated to determine the influence of different solid state processing conditions on dielectric and ferroelectric properties. The ceramic materials were characterized using x-ray diffraction, dielectric measurements, and hysteresis measurements. To stabilize the perovskite phase, the columbite route was utilized with a double crucible technique and excess PbO. The phase-pure perovskite phase of PNN-PZN-PZT ceramics was obtained over a wide compositional range. It was observed that for the ternary system 0.5PNN-(0.5 - x)PZN-xPZT, the change in the transition temperature (T-m) is approximately linear with respect to the PZT content in the range x = 0 to 0.5. With an increase in x, T-m shifts up to high temperatures. Examination of the remanent polarization (P-r) revealed a significant increase with increasing x. In addition, the relative permittivity (is an element of(r)) increased as a function of x. The highest permittivities (is an element of(r) = 22,000) and the highest remanent polarization (P-r = 25 muC/cm(2)) were recorded for the binary composition 0.5Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O-3-0.5Pb(Zr1/2Ti1/2)O-3.