A method for global potential assessment of roof integrated two-stage solar concentrators (TSSCs) at district scale

This paper proposes a core method for integrating two-stage solar concentrators (TSSCs) as roof-integrated energy supply systems at the district scale. However, the performance of these systems not only depends on good configurations but also on optimal building typologies. The design process of buildings-integrated TSSCs on a district scale reflects a complex multi-criteria problem, where several conflicting concerns from multiple stakeholders need to be addressed. Thus, the proposed method aims to support the multi-criteria decision-making process in the early-stage design of sustainable districts utilizing TSSC technology. The method contributes to the design of the TSSCs relative to district designs. Our method enables design generation according to a set of decision variables related to the district (roof type and slope, orientation, building height, width, and length), and TSSC (type, geometric ratio, separation distance between mirrors, modules number, and solar cell size). The method uses a parametric modeling approach combined with a multi-objective optimization algorithm (NSGA-II) that enables design optimization of the district and TSSCs in two consecutive steps. The two-step design optimization allows finding optimal district designs for maximizing cumulative direct normal irradiance (DNI) and minimizing the total energy demand, and TSSC designs for maximizing average monthly load match index (av. LMI) (a ratio of energy yield to demand) and minimizing the average covered roof area occupied by modules. We validated the proposed method in an illustrative case study of 'Buckower Felder', a district in the city of Berlin (Germany). The illustrative application shows that our method enables the performance-driven, generative design of both; district and building-integrated TSSCs and searches for the most appropriate solutions i.e., urban designs for maximum DNI and minimum demand, and TSSC designs for maximum av.LMI and minimum covered roof area. Results indicate that there is a trade-off between objectives, where district design with high DNI (>4500 kW/m2/h/month) reflects high energy demand (8.6e + 05 kWh/month). Similarly, TSSC designs ensuring high av.LMI (>1.0) require a large roof area (>47 %). Given these trade-offs, the method can meaningfully support the decision-making process. Thus, the method allows for large-scale integration of TSSCs with buildings at an urban scale and supports solar energy planning and energy transition policies for sustainable districts.