Common, Luxury, and Fake Commodities: Intangible Cultural Heritage Markets in China

Can traditional cultural practices thrive if they are commercialised? Or should the state protect them from "the market"? This study investigates these questions by studying the marketisation of traditional handicrafts in the tourism sector of Nanjing municipality (Jiangsu Province, China). Building on Boltanski and Esquerre's (2020) work on the "enrichment economy," I find that state-led marketisation efforts have simultaneously raised and distorted the value of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) commodities in China. Many ICH inheritors are stuck in the middle: although they benefit from enhanced recognition and valorisation of ICH products, they face difficulties in competing with "fake" and luxury ICH commodities. ICH commodities are thus characterised by an "in-between" status - between the enriched and the mass economy.