Terahertz quantum-cascade patch-antenna VECSEL with low power dissipation

We report a terahertz quantum-cascade vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser (QC-VECSEL) based upon a metasurface consisting of an array of gain-loaded resonant patch antennas. Compared with the typical ridge-based metasurfaces previously used for QC-VECSELs, the patch antenna surface can be designed with a much sparser fill factor of gain material, which allows for reduced heat dissipation and improved thermal performance. It also exhibits larger amplification thanks to enhanced interaction between the incident radiation and the QC-gain material. We demonstrate devices that produce several milliwatts of continuous-wave power in a single mode at similar to 4.6THz and dissipate less than 1W of pump power. Use of different output couplers demonstrates the ability to optimize device performance for either high power or high operating temperature. Maximum demonstrated power is 6.7 mW at 4K (0.67% wall-plug efficiency, WPE) and 0.8 mW at 77K (0.06% WPE). Directive output beams are measured throughout with divergence angles of similar to 5 degrees.