A review of the tribological and thermophysical mechanisms of bio-lubricants based nanomaterials in automotive applications

The usage of lubrication oil increases day by day, but there are limited resources of petroleum products and also increased attention towards the environment leads towards bio-oil such as vegetable oil, animal oils etc. This paper concentrates on friction and wear characteristics of bio-lubricants under different lubricating conditions in automotive engines. To enhance the properties of lubrication oil, different nanoparticles are added to bio-lubricants and these results are observed and analyzed. It also discusses the oxidization properties of lubrication oils and potential of vegetable oils in lubrication applications, which are published in high-index journals. Bio-lubricants are potential alternative lubricants due to their good lubricating properties, high viscosity index, high load carrying capacities, low emission, and ease of disposal, but they also have their own limitations. The addition of nanoparticles to bio-lubricant causes chemical modification which helps to clear up structural problems. This review contributed can be of assistance to the experts and researchers involved in the bio-lubricant industry to address the key difficulties ahead in eco-friendly oil production by relying on sustainable resources. Additionally, this review study is highly significant, as it promises to provide more understanding of the tribological and thermophysical performance of bio-lubricants that it may be a new direction to provide eco-friendly engines for automobiles. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.