Relationship of suicide rates with climate and economic variables in Europe during 2000-2012

被引：47

作者：

Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N. ^{[1
]}

Chatzikosta, Isaia ^{[2
]}

Pastiadis, Konstantinos ^{[3
]}

Zanis, Prodromos ^{[4
]}

Kawohl, Wolfram ^{[5
]}

Kerkhof, Ad J. F. M. ^{[6
]}

Navickas, Alvydas ^{[7
]}

Hoschl, Cyril ^{[8
]}

Lecic-Tosevski, Dusica ^{[9
]}

Sorel, Eliot ^{[10
,11
]}

Rancans, Elmars ^{[12
]}

Palova, Eva ^{[13
]}

Juckel, Georg ^{[14
]}

Isacsson, Goran ^{[15
]}

Jagodic, Helena Korosec ^{[16
]}

Botezat-Antonescu, Ileana ^{[17
]}

Rybakowski, Janusz ^{[18
]}

Azorin, Jean Michel ^{[19
]}

Cookson, John ^{[20
]}

Waddington, John ^{[21
]}

Pregelj, Peter ^{[22
]}

Demyttenaere, Koen ^{[23
]}

Hranov, Luchezar G. ^{[24
]}

Stevovic, Lidija Injac ^{[25
]}

Pezawas, Lucas ^{[26
]}

Adida, Marc ^{[19
]}

Figuera, Maria Luisa ^{[27
]}

Jakovljevic, Miro ^{[28
]}

Vichi, Monica ^{[29
]}

Perugi, Giulio ^{[30
,31
]}

Andreassen, Ole A. ^{[32
,33
]}

Vukovic, Olivera ^{[34
]}

Mavrogiorgou, Paraskevi ^{[14
]}

Varnik, Peeter ^{[35
]}

Dome, Peter ^{[36
,37
]}

Winkler, Petr ^{[8
]}

Salokangas, Raimo K. R. ^{[38
]}

From, Tiina ^{[38
]}

Danileviciute, Vita ^{[7
]}

Gonda, Xenia ^{[36
,37
,39
,40
]}

Rihmer, Zoltan ^{[36
,37
]}

Forsman, Jonas ^{[15
]}

Grady, Anne ^{[21
]}

Hyphantis, Thomas ^{[41
]}

Dieset, Ingrid ^{[32
,33
]}

Soendergaard, Susan ^{[42
]}

Pompili, Maurizio ^{[43
]}

Bech, Per ^{[42
]}

机构：

[1] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat 3, GR-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece

[2] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, GR-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece

[3] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Sch Fine Arts, Dept Mus Studies, GR-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece

[4] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Meteorol & Climatol, Sch Geol, GR-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece

[5] Univ Hosp Psychiat, Ctr Social Psychiat, Dept Psychiat Psychotherapy & Psychosomat, Zurich, Switzerland

[6] Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Psychol & Educ, Dept Clin Psychol, Boechorststr 1, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands

[7] Vilnius Univ, Psychiat Clin, Fac Med, Vilnius, Lithuania

[8] Natl Inst Mental Hlth, Klecany, Czech Republic

[9] WHO Collaborating Ctr, Inst Mental Hlth, Palmoticeva 37, Belgrade 11000, Serbia

[10] George Washington Univ, Sch Med, Washington, DC USA

[11] George Washington Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Washington, DC USA

[12] Riga Stradins Univ, Dept Psychiat & Narcol, Tvaika Str 2, LV-1005 Riga, Latvia

[13] Univ Hosp, Dept Psychiat, SNP 1, Kosice 04066, Slovakia

[14] Ruhr Univ Bochum, Dept Psychiat, LWL Univ Hosp, Alexandrinenstr 1, D-44791 Bochum, Germany

[15] Karolinska Inst, Dept Clin Neurosci, Solna, Sweden

[16] Psychiat Hosp Vojnik, Celjska Cesta 37, Vojnik, Slovenia

[17] Natl Mental Hlth Ctr & Antidrug, Bucharest, Romania

[18] Poznan Univ Med Sci, Dept Adult Psychiat, Poznan, Poland

[19] St Marguerite Hosp, Dept Psychiat, F-13274 Marseille, France

[20] East London NHS Trust, London E1 4DG, England

[21] Royal Coll Surgeons Ireland, Mol & Cellular Therapeut, Dublin 2, Ireland

[22] Univ Psychiat Hosp, Ljubljana, Slovenia

[23] Katholieke Univ Leuven, Univ Psychiat Ctr, Louvain, Belgium

[24] Univ Hosp Act Treatment Neurol & Psychiat Svet Na, Psychiat Clin 2, Sofia, Bulgaria

[25] Univ Montenegro, Sch Med, Psychiat Clin, Clin Ctr Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro

[26] Med Univ Vienna, Div Biol Psychiat, Dept Psychiat & Psychotherapy, Vienna, Austria

[27] Univ Lisbon, Fac Med, Ave Prof Egas Moniz, P-1649035 Lisbon, Portugal

[28] Univ Hosp Ctr Zagreb, Dept Psychiat, Zagreb, Croatia

[29] Natl Inst Hlth ISS, Ctr Epidemiol Surveillance & Hlth Promot CNESPS, Rome, Italy

[30] Univ Pisa, Dept Clin & Expt Med, Psychiat Unit, Pisa, Italy

[31] Inst Behav Sci G De Lisio, Pisa, Italy

[32] Univ Oslo, Inst Clin Med, KG Jebsen Ctr Psychosis Res, NORMENT, Oslo, Norway

[33] Oslo Univ Hosp, Div Mental Hlth & Addict, Oslo, Norway

[34] Univ Belgrade, Inst Mental Hlth, Sch Med, Belgrade, Serbia

[35] Estonian Swedish Mental Hlth & Suicidol Inst, Tallinn, Estonia

[36] Semmelweis Univ, Fac Med, Dept Clin & Theoret Mental Hlth, Budapest, Hungary

[37] Natl Inst Psychiat & Addict, Lab Suicide Res & Prevent, Budapest, Hungary

[38] Univ Turku, Dept Psychiat, Turku, Finland

[39] Semmelweis Univ, Dept Pharmacodynam, MTA SE, Budapest, Hungary

[40] Hungarian Acad Sci, Neuropsychopharmacol & Neurochem Res Grp, Budapest, Hungary

[41] Ioannina Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Ioannina, Greece

[42] Univ Copenhagen, Mental Hlth Ctr North Zealand, Psychiat Res Unit, Dyrehavevej 48, DK-3400 Hillerod, Denmark

[43] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Neurosci Mental Hlth & Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevent Ctr, St Andrea Hosp, Rome, Italy

来源：

ANNALS OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY | 2016年 / 15卷

关键词：

Suicide; Europe; Austerity; Climate; METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS; SEASONAL-VARIATION; MENTAL-HEALTH; TIME-SERIES; HONG-KONG; CRISIS; TEMPERATURE; AUSTRALIA; UNEMPLOYMENT; ASSOCIATION;

D O I：

10.1186/s12991-016-0106-2

中图分类号：

R749 [精神病学];

学科分类号：

100205 ;

摘要：

Background: It is well known that suicidal rates vary considerably among European countries and the reasons for this are unknown, although several theories have been proposed. The effect of economic variables has been extensively studied but not that of climate. Methods: Data from 29 European countries covering the years 2000-2012 and concerning male and female standardized suicidal rates (according to WHO), economic variables (according World Bank) and climate variables were gathered. The statistical analysis included cluster and principal component analysis and categorical regression. Results: The derived models explained 62.4 % of the variability of male suicidal rates. Economic variables alone explained 26.9 % and climate variables 37.6 %. For females, the respective figures were 41.7, 11.5 and 28.1 %. Male suicides correlated with high unemployment rate in the frame of high growth rate and high inflation and low GDP per capita, while female suicides correlated negatively with inflation. Both male and female suicides correlated with low temperature. Discussion: The current study reports that the climatic effect (cold climate) is stronger than the economic one, but both are present. It seems that in Europe suicidality follows the climate/temperature cline which interestingly is not from south to north but from south to north-east. This raises concerns that climate change could lead to an increase in suicide rates. The current study is essentially the first successful attempt to explain the differences across countries in Europe; however, it is an observational analysis based on aggregate data and thus there is a lack of control for confounders.

引用

页数：6

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