Fabrication and hard X-ray focusing of X-ray refractive lens from liquid materials

X-ray refractive lens has been developed with liquid materials at SPring-8, with the expectation that smooth surfaces can be obtained by the natural surface tensions. The lenses developed consist of approximately spherical micro-lenses. Though the shapes are not well controlled and the parabola shapes are better in terms of spherical aberrations, some lenses developed had high tolerances to severe radiation damages (e.g. similar to5 X 10(12) photons/sec/0.03mm(2) of 18 keV X-rays) for an exposure time of one hour. The gain at the focal plane and the transmissivity for various types of the lens tested are also summarized.